Resumo Os microorganismos e endófitos da rizosfera podem ajudar seus hospedeiros a absorver nutrientes e regular os níveis de hormônios vegetais. Além disso, eles podem modular as expressões dos genes hospedeiros, auxiliar os hospedeiros na eliminação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e secretar compostos orgânicos voláteis. Portanto, microorganismos e endófitos da rizosfera são considerados determinantes dos processos envolvidos no crescimento de plantas hospedeiras. No entanto, as funções fisiológicas e ecológicas, bem como o mecanismo molecular subjacente ao comportamento dos microrganismos e endofíticos da rizosfera no seu papel na capacidade adaptativa das plantas hospedeiras no ambiente cárstico de alto teor de cálcio, não foram sistematicamente estudados. Esta revisão resume os mecanismos fisiológicos e moleculares de microrganismos e endófitos da rizosfera que ajudam as plantas hospedeiras a se adaptarem a vários tipos de ambientes adversos. As capacidades adaptativas das plantas que crescem em ambientes adversos, em parte ou totalmente, dependem de microrganismos coexistentes com as plantas hospedeiras. vegetais disso ROS (ROS voláteis Portanto entanto ecológicas cálcio estudados adversos totalmente

Abstract Rhizosphere microorganisms and endophytes can help their hosts absorb nutrients and regulate the levels of plant hormones. Moreover, they can modulate the expressions of host genes, assist hosts in eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secreting volatile organic compounds. Therefore, rhizosphere microorganisms and endophytes are considered as determinant factors driving processes involved in the growth of host plants. However, the physiological and ecological functions, as well as the molecular mechanism underlying the behavior of rhizosphere microorganisms and endophytes in their role in the adaptive capacity of host plants in the karstic high-calcium environment have not been systematically studied. This review summarizes the physiological and molecular mechanisms of rhizosphere microorganisms and endophytes which help host plants to adapt to various kinds of adverse environments. The adaptive capacities of plants growing in adverse environments, partly, or totally, depends on microorganisms co-existing with the host plants. hormones Moreover genes ROS (ROS compounds Therefore However functions highcalcium high calcium studied environments partly totally coexisting co existing

Slime coating is one of the most common ways for serpentines to contaminate metallic mineral concentrates during traditional flotation of coarse sulphide particles. This could pose quite a complicated and challenging problem in the case of some types of low-grade and finely disseminated Cu-Ni ores bearing high serpentine contents. This is the case for the copper and nickel sulphides from the Yunnan Mine, China. Previous batch flotation tests of this ore resulted in satisfactory recoveries of 86.92% Cu, 54.92% Ni, and 74.73% Pt+Pd, and concentrate grades of 4.02% Cu, 3.24% Ni, and 76.61 g/t Pt+Pd. However, the MgO content in these concentrates was more than 19%. In the current study, microflotation tests and settling rate tests were introduced to investigate the effects of a combination of strong collectors (a 2:1 weight ratio of butyl xanthate and butyl ammonium dithophosphate) on entrainment of serpentines in metallic mineral concentrate, as well as visual observations of the concentrates in suspension using still photography. All test results indicated the presence of serpentines entrapped in the hydrophobic flocs that resulted from these collectors, even with the use of effective gangue depressants. These strong collectors are used to flocculate the ultra-fine sulphides by forming loose and 'fluffy' hydrophobic flocs. However, these hydrophobic flocs may also be able to load or entrap some serpentine slimes into the concentrate, and this entrained serpentine could be harder to remove by using depressants or intensified conditioning than serpentine slime coating on the particle surfaces.

Over the past 2 decades the use of musculocutaneous perforator flaps has increased worldwide as microsurgeons have become more comfortable with the technique. Perforator flaps have now become well established as a part of the evolution of microsurgery. Since perforator flaps are based on individual musculocutaneous or septocutaneous perforators, it is imperative that the reconstructive microsurgeon has the detailed anatomical information necessary to plan perforator flap transfers. The goal of this paper is to review the various angiographic techniques which are available to study the vascular anatomy of the human body and to present our current vascular injection technique. We will show illustrative examples using the lead oxide gelatin injection technique to elucidate the relevant anatomy of perforator flap donor sites. The lead oxide gelatin injection technique has been previously reported by Salmon and Rees and Taylor. The injection technique may be used for arterial or venous injections but we have primarily used it for arterial injections. The injection steps are detailed in the paper. Over the past five years we have dissected a total of 21 human fresh cadavers after lead oxide gelatin arterial injection studies. A total of over 7000 radiographs have been reviewed and summarized. We present summarized results of the anatomical research in the areas of head and neck, upper limb, torso and lower limb regions. The lead oxide gelatin injection technique is simple and inexpensive and the computer analysis technique is straight forward and provides excellent visualization of the architecture of the human skin. The fine details identified using this injection technique provides useful information to surgeons planning transfers of skin, muscle, bone and nerve and therefore our understandingly of clinically related vascular anatomy of perforator flaps can be improved.

En las ultimas dos décadas, el uso de colgajos perforantes musculocutaneos se ha incrementado a medida que los microcirujanos se han familiarizado con la técnica y estos colgajos se han convertido en una parte de la evolución de la Microcirugía. Como se basan en perforantes musculocutaneas o septocutaneas individuales, el microcirujano reconstructivodebe tener la información anatómica detallada para planificar la transferencia de colgajos perforantes. El fin de este trabajo es la revisión de las diversas técnicas angiográficas disponibles para estudiar la anatomía vascular del cuerpo humano y presentar nuestra técnica habitual de inyección vascular. Exhibiremos ejemplos ilustrativos utilizando la técnica de la inyección de gelatina de oxido de plomo para visualizar la anatomía relevante de los sitios donantes de colgajos perforantes. La técnica de la inyección de gelatina de óxido descrita por Salmon y Rees y Taylor, puede ser utilizada para inyecciones arteriales o venosas, pero la hemos utilizado primariamente para inyección arterial. Los pasos para la inyección se describen detalladamente en el trabajo. En los pasados 5 años hemos disecado un total de 21 cadáveres frescos tras estudios de inyección arterial de gelatina de oxido de plomo. Se han revisado un total de 7000 radiografías. Presentamos los resultados de la búsqueda anatómica en las áreas de cabeza, cuello, miembros superiores, torso y miembros inferiores. La técnica de la inyección de gelatina de oxido de plomo es simple y económica a su vez; la técnica de análisis computarizado es barata y las técnicas de análisis informático son directas y proveen excelente visualización de la arquitectura de la piel humana. Los delicados detalles identificados utilizando esta técnica de inyección proveen información útil a los cirujanos para planificar transferencias de piel, músculo, hueso y nervio, y por tanto favorecen nuestra comprensión de la anatomía vascular clínicamente relacionada de los colgajos perforantes.